Authors
Baxter Wasson Rodrigo Trelles

While breaching a covenant can have serious consequences, they are designed primarily to be deterrents to certain types of risk taking by borrowers and as tools for risk management.

Why covenants matter: A lender’s perspective

The primary function of covenants is to protect lenders by ensuring borrowers adhere to agreed parameters. When a borrower diverges from these terms, lenders can intervene to renegotiate and restore compliance. This process is crucial for maintaining the stability and performance of the underlying asset or business.

Tailoring covenants to specific borrowers and their sectors

The effectiveness of covenants as relevant and actionable risk management tools depends on how well they are tailored to the specific industry and financial conditions of the borrower. Different industries require different approaches to covenant customization. For example, the financial metrics used to monitor a borrower in the industrial sector should differ from those in the real estate or technology sectors. Moreover, the regular, detailed financial reporting that monitors sector-specific KPIs – typically on a monthly or quarterly basis – associated with tailored covenants allows lenders to track compliance and to respond quickly to any potential issues.

Proactive covenant enforcement: Preventing breaches

Covenants often come into play well before any formal breach occurs. Lenders use them to initiate discussions with borrowers about potential issues, allowing for early interventions that may prevent small problems from becoming larger ones. This proactive approach is especially valuable in a market where trading loans is not a tool that lenders can use to mitigate risk.

In the private credit market, where trading out of a loan is difficult, covenants are an essential risk management tool that allow lenders to recalibrate if things go off track. At O'Connor Capital Solutions (“OCS”), we emphasize the importance of covenants for effective risk management.

How the other half lives: Recovery rates without covenants

Another way to look at the importance of covenants is to see what happens to the severity of defaults (i.e., recovery rates) as covenants go away.

The charts below look at defaults and recoveries in the High Yield/Broadly Syndicated Loan markets, comparing annual and 25-year annual average metrics. Despite recent default rates remaining stable relative to historical averages, the severity of defaults has increased significantly with recovery rates plummeting in recent years. We believe the lack of covenants in these markets (where >90% of the deals are "covenant lite") is the primary driver of these materially lower recovery rates.

High yield bond default and recovery rates

Years

Years

Default Rate

Default Rate

All Bonds

All Bonds

Snr Sec

Snr Sec

Snr Unsec

Snr Unsec

Snr Sub

Snr Sub

Sub

Sub

Years

2014

Default Rate

2.9%

All Bonds

48.0

Snr Sec

67.7

Snr Unsec

31.2

Snr Sub

33.8

Sub

na

Years

2015

Default Rate

1.8%

All Bonds

25.2

Snr Sec

32.7

Snr Unsec

16.6

Snr Sub

13.0

Sub

na

Years

2016

Default Rate

3.6%

All Bonds

31.1

Snr Sec

36.7

Snr Unsec

23.3

Snr Sub

0.5

Sub

na

Years

2017

Default Rate

1.3%

All Bonds

52.6

Snr Sec

61.6

Snr Unsec

39.2

Snr Sub

na

Sub

na

Years

2018

Default Rate

1.8%

All Bonds

39.8

Snr Sec

46.3

Snr Unsec

32.9

Snr Sub

18.0

Sub

na

Years

2019

Default Rate

2.6%

All Bonds

23.2

Snr Sec

43.0

Snr Unsec

15.5

Snr Sub

na

Sub

79.8

Years

2020

Default Rate

6.2%

All Bonds

22.0

Snr Sec

43.8

Snr Unsec

13.8

Snr Sub

19.2

Sub

na

Years

2021

Default Rate

0.3%

All Bonds

49.6

Snr Sec

50.5

Snr Unsec

49.1

Snr Sub

na

Sub

na

Years

2022

Default Rate

0.8%

All Bonds

55.3

Snr Sec

76.8

Snr Unsec

45.2

Snr Sub

na

Sub

na

Years

2023

Default Rate

2.1%

All Bonds

32.8

Snr Sec

46.3

Snr Unsec

2.9

Snr Sub

na

Sub

na

Years

LTM

Default Rate

1.2%

All Bonds

40.2

Snr Sec

50.7

Snr Unsec

8.9

Snr Sub

na

Sub

na

Years

25-yr ann.avg.

Default Rate

3.0%

All Bonds

40.0

Snr Sec

53.0

Snr Unsec

33.8

Snr Sub

26.3

Sub

32.7

Leveraged loan default and recovery rates

Years

Years

Def.rate

Def.rate

First-Lien

First-Lien

Second-Lien

Second-Lien

Years

2014

Def.rate

4.3%

First-Lien

73.3

Second-Lien

37.7

Years

2015

Def.rate

1.7%

First-Lien

48.1

Second-Lien

34.3

Years

2016

Def.rate

1.5%

First-Lien

62.7

Second-Lien

14.8

Years

2017

Def.rate

1.8%

First-Lien

57.4

Second-Lien

4.4

Years

2018

Def.rate

1.7%

First-Lien

63.4

Second-Lien

7.8

Years

2019

Def.rate

1.6%

First-Lien

49.0

Second-Lien

18.5

Years

2020

Def.rate

4.0%

First-Lien

48.3

Second-Lien

9.0

Years

2021

Def.rate

0.5%

First-Lien

55.7

Second-Lien

32.9

Years

2022

Def.rate

1.0%

First-Lien

59.9

Second-Lien

45.3

Years

2023

Def.rate

2.1%

First-Lien

38.3

Second-Lien

23.2

Years

LTM

Def.rate

1.4%

First-Lien

43.4

Second-Lien

14.2

Years

25-yr ann.avg.

Def.rate

2.9%

First-Lien

63.5

Second-Lien

23.9

Source: J.P. Morgan; PitchBook Data, Inc.; Bloomberg Finance L.P.; S&P/IHSMarkit. Data as of 01.08.2024.

Notes: Recovery rates are issuer-weighted and based on price 30 days after default date. 2009 Adj. recoveries are based on year-end prices.

The tables display default and recovery rates for high yield bonds and leveraged loans, comparing annual data with 25-year averages. Recent data show stable default rates but significantly lower rates.

The importance of customizing covenants

There is no one-size-fits-all approach to private credit covenants. However, lenders who implement covenants that are closely tailored to the borrower’s base case gain more effective tools for monitoring and managing risk. By customizing covenants to fit each borrower’s unique situation, lenders can better adapt to changes with the goal of ensuring the long-term success of their investment portfolio. As market conditions evolve, so too should the covenants that protect lenders’ interests.

C-09/24 OCCRVC-2033

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